Kids, Work and Research Paper Writing Websites

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Police Brutality How The Media Influences Our Perceptions

Police Brutality: How the Media Influences Our Perceptions The perception of excessive force has been intensely debated for the last few decades. With continuous public defiance increasing, instances of police brutality are rising at an exponential rate. However, the accessibility to social media has greatly increased as well, therefore, causing us to become more aware of such situations. With that considered, the increased amount of police beatings is far less than what may be perceived. Frequently occurrences of police brutality are brought to our attention through the media. Often times, broadcasting very graphic, and sometimes unlawful situations. Several people may say that discrimination against particular ethnicities may be the main cause of this recent influx. Though, others may believe that subsequent social disparities towards specific ethnicities may cause frustration, consequently, causing law enforcement officers to use unnecessary excessive force, more frequently. On March 3, 1991, a spectator filmed Rodney King, an African American resident of Los Angeles, being beaten by four Caucasian officers of the Los Angeles Police Department, who used a stun gun on King and continually kicked him and struck him with batons. For weeks afterward, the assault obtained capacity coverage appearing in the news media; according to the Vanderbilt Television News Index and Abstracts (1992), from March 5, the evening the story broke, until the conclusion of the remainingShow MoreRelatedExcessive Force And Police Brutality1238 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Excessive force and police brutality have become common terms for anyone keeping up with today’s current events. In 2014, the media covered numerous cases of excessive force that resulted in the deaths of several people of color (Nelson Staff, 2014). The most widely covered cases by the media in 2014 were of Michael Brown, an 18-year-old black male shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri; and Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black male in Staten Island, NewRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society s Attitude Toward Pointing Out An Apparent Ongoing Struggle Between Whites And Blacks1668 Words   |  7 Pageswrong in the world, or is the media trying to create controversy and increase racial tensions to garner larger television audiences and sell more newspapers? Many stories in the news relate to racism: police brutality, education, crime; the media has a way of portraying these matters or specific incidents to suggest that a vast majority of American s are racist. What might happen if the media, specifically, and society in general, were to focus on the good aspects of our world and the positive sacrificesRead MoreSocial Issue And Social Problem1660 Words   |  7 Pagesa social issue or social problem in our society? By definition, a social issue is a social issue (also called a social problem or s social illness or even an even a social conflict) refers to an issue that influences and is opposed by considerable number of individuals within a society. It is often consequence of factors extending beyond an individual’s control and local geographical environment (Dictionary reference, 2015). Social issues have lingered in our American History since the DeclarationRead MoreThe Perception Of Law Enforcement3313 Words   |  14 PagesIt is no secret the perception of law enforcement has changed in the United States over the last year; given the news coverage of deadly encounters involving victims of one race and police of ficers of another. This brings up the question of whether police officers are really the â€Å"enemy† the public believes them to be through their consumption of rampant negative media coverage, or are they merely one cog in a very large wheel of cascading failures in our society and the criminal justice system.Read MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent explanations from research on the effect of violent music, both positive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. The articles also provides information that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has both a negative and positive impact on African American lives. Over theRead MoreBody Cameras Improve Police Accountability Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesaccountability. 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Racial inequality and police brutality is discussed g reatly throughout The Hate U Give, due to the difficulties the protagonist, Starr Carter, endures when her best friend, Khalil, is killed because of him being African American and situated in an unsafe neighborhood. Starr embraces an inner conflict withRead MorePolice Brutality Has Become One Of The Most Serious Essay2182 Words   |  9 Pagesfew year’s police brutality has become one of the most serious, debated, and controversial topics in America. In general, when most people think of the police they think of them as support that they can call when in distress, or as officers patrolling communities in a pursuit to keep the streets safe from drunk drivers, speeders, law breakers, and other threats to the public. But, enforcer of the law is only one perspective in which police officers are portrayed. The perception of police varies onRead MoreThe Issue Of Police Brutality1954 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen the many cases of police brutality and hate crimes against minorities. M any falsely accused people are being incarcerated simply based on the color of their skin or how they look. Racism has been a huge part of Americas past and will continue to be a part of our history as time progresses. It is our history itself that keeps racism in America regrettably alive. It is what has shaped our society today. The actions of unlawful police officers have been presented through media. By revealing the problemsRead MoreMedia s Negative Influence On Public View Of Law Enforcement1772 Words   |  8 PagesMedia s Negative Influence on Public View of Law Enforcement The two common opposing views towards police officers is a supper cop who saves the day and a violent officer who harms civilians. As a society we tend to zoom in on every blemish and mistake law enforcement makes and the media often encourages these views. In news outlets when police positively contribute to the community it usually only makes headlines for a day or two, but when a crisis occurs it receives high media coverage for weeks

Global Product Development and Collaboration Activities

Question: Discuss about the Global Product Development and Collaboration Activities. Answer: Introduction Tourism is an overarching concept and the tourism products are massive in disposition. For instance, they can span from a theme park development (e.g. Disneyland) to a luxuriant spa in Belgium. The tourism industry of Canada entails sophisticated infrastructure that bolster the vacating experience of the tourists (Alianie et al., 2016). As far as the global development project is concerned, the tourism product (Eco resort) of Canada is taken into account. Based on the product, the assignment elaborates on certain areas such as environmental impact, socio-cultural, political impact and community collaboration activities. In the assignment, an attempt is made to adumbrate a sustainability draft. At the same time, the assignment analyses the changing dynamic of guest-host relations in the domain of tourism industry. The assignment makes a blueprint of stakeholder analysis. By considering the principles of sustainability, the assignment sheds light on a tourism product of Canada i.e. Eco resort (as discussed in the beginning of assignment). Environmental Impact In the section, the tourism product (Eco resort) of Canada is emphasized. The Eco resorts assume a paradigm in the recent epoch. Since the past decades, the hotel and the hospitality industry have emphasized the importance of Eco resorts. The Eco resorts are dispersed in the hilly regions of British Columbia. Here, the example of an Eco resort is taken into consideration. The Wonderland resort of British Columbia sets a quintessential mark in the tourism sector. Positioned on the hilly terrain, the Wonderland resort provides a picturesque vista. Wonderland resort is significant, as far as the environmental aspect is concerned. The Wonderland resort of Canada is an Eco resort and engenders electricity through a clean, natural and sustainable mechanism. At the same time, the Wonderland resort generates power using conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. The rescued woods unearthed from the neighbouring areas help Wonderland resort to satisfy the heating needs. The hot spri ng is generated using the same mechanism. The solar panels of the Wonderland resort glean sunlight and execute electricity to the storage batteries (red). Consequently, it delivers AC current to the concerned areas. In the Wonderland resort, the motorized vehicles are not used in the campus. The Wonderland resort gives attention to the environmental sustainability responsibilities. Therefore, the forestry activities are helpful, inasmuch the resort enhances the wildlife habitat and entertaining attributes of the area. The transport vehicles are not allowed on the campus. At the same time, the tourists are prohibited from the hunting and over-fishing activities. Therefore, the Wonderland resort satisfies the needs for environmental sustainability mission. In the Wonderland resort, the exquisite furniture is built using the local British Columbia trees found from the Mountain Pine Beetle. The Wonderland resort selects the quality of woodlot and systematically granulates woods on the m ill (Barrena et al., 2016). The team of the Wonderland resort aims to mould and design the furniture using the materials from the dead trees. Therefore, the Wonderland resort hardly uses the woods from the living and deciduous trees. This is another instance of environmental sustainability used by the Wonderland resort. In the assignment, an attempt is made to design a mitigation plan for the proposed eco resort (the Wonderland resort) of British Columbia. The management of the Wonderland resort of British Columbia considers all the components of environmental sustainability. The mitigation action plan comprises essential objectives: To ensure environmental sustainability To reduce or eliminate long term risks related to property hazards and damaging of peoples health To protect the ecosystem from getting extinct or deceased Based on the underlying objectives, the Wonderland resort proposes a mitigation action plan. The Wonderland resort satisfies the needs of the environmental sustainability program. The team makes a concrete plan for this respect. The team does not make furniture from the living and deciduous trees. It does not engage any kind of forestry, hunting and over-fishing activities on the campus (Blewitt, 2014). At the same time, the transport vehicles are not used on the campus. Therefore, the eco resort (the Wonderland resort) of Canada fulfills the needs of the environmental sustainability program (encapsulated in the objectives of the program). Socio-Cultural Impact The assignment discusses the socio-cultural impact of the concerned tourist product. The tourist product (Eco resort) is emphasized in the assignment. The Wonderland resort of British Columbia provides a legendary and king-size treat to the global customers. To begin with, the Wonderland resort offers a cosmopolitan cultural milieu. The management of the Eco resort (the Wonderland resort) consists of individuals hailing from varied social categories. Technically speaking, the British Columbia absorbs people of varied races, communities and ethnicities into its fold (Chen, 2015). The Wonderland resort of British Columbia is oriented towards social inclusivity and enhancement of culture. The Wonderland resort recruits employees (like the chief manager, director, receptionists, inspector and waiters) from varied social backgrounds. In fact, the Wonderland resort hires top officials from diverse backgrounds, irrespective of race, ethnicity and community. At the same time, the women emplo yees are given equal treatment and salary like their counterparts. The Wonderland resort is not an all-white resort. It does not entail any racial exclusiveness, as far as the recruitment of the employees of the Wonderland resort is concerned. The Wonderland resort engages a wide array of employees, encompassing European immigrants, Asian Americans, Indians and people from other Diasporas, who have requisite qualifications for the respective posts (Cobbinah, 2015). Therefore, the Wonderland resort influences the social setting of the region of British Columbia. The Wonderland resort of British Columbia involves all aspects of natural milieu, history and culture. Established as an Eco resort, the Wonderland resort puts an emphasis on the enhancement of culture and heritage. The resort focuses on the aspect of commingling of diverse cultures. The Wonderland resort sees the convergence of orient and occident cultures. The resort adopts a holistic approach towards the maintenance of culture and heritage. The resort has customized rooms and suites, related to the taste and preference of multi-cultured people, like Native Americans and Canadian, Europeans, Asians and Africans (Dodds et al., 2016). At the same time, the resort offers multi-cuisine and inter-continental buffets, such as Mexican, Italian, Spanish, Indian, Lebanese and other specialized buffets. In addition, the resort has other facilities like spa, swimming pool, tennis court and childrens playing corner. Each aspect of the Wonderland resort (as selected) is the reflection of beauty and cultural diversity. The Indonesian flooring, the Georgian architecture, the Mughal-styled Indian candelabra and the Chinese carpentry glorify the milieu and spawn a cultural efflorescence (Fennell, 2014). Speaking briefly, every inch of the Wonderland resort of British Columbia explores cultural maturation and synergy. Political impact The effect of governmental issues upon the Wonderland resort is phenomenal. The courses are interminable in which governments influence the conveyance of accommodation and tourism items, regardless of direction of trade, business and land improvement activities, social and memorable safeguarding procedures, and tax collection arrangements. Governments may likewise be included in spending open subsidizes on the advancement of attractions that support the infrastructure of Wonderland resort (Ghimire et al., 2013). Administrators build up convenience duties to subsidize these advertising activities, and civil servants pick victors and washouts by selecting the particular tourism resources and goals they will advance. Business achievement is straightforwardly influenced by political choices that influence the situations, like monetary, biological, and social under which cordiality and tourism capacities. This raises the issue of whether the part and its interests are articulated in the l obbies of government (Graci, 2016). The exquisite political activities are vital to the Wonderland resort of British Columbia. However, the present level of political association is weak. The low representation among officials over the six states is woefully unbalanced to the noteworthy commitments our industry makes to business and monetary imperativeness inside the area (Higham et al., 2014). Economic impact The Wonderland resort of British Columbia is an Eco resort and offers a host of economic benefits. The Eco resort of British Columbia accounts for $ 3.6 million in monetary exercises and 8 percent of all occupations across the sector. Inside this sector, the Wonderland resort is by a long shot the quickest developing segment. It is growing by 20-34 percent for each year since the mid 2012 (Hunt Stronza, 2014). The Eco resort is viewed as more economical than alternate parts of tourism. This implies it is seen as a type of tourism that can keep up biological components. It misuses regular assets without wrecking the environmental harmony of a territory (Kiper, 2013). Eco resort ought to give guidance related to natural conservation. This implies the Wonderland resort ought to help raise reserves for ecological research, security and training. This ought to be done utilizing an assortment of means, which include stop extra charges, inn, and visit organization, carrier, and airplane te rminal assessments alongside willful commitments. Community Collaboration Activities The assignment focuses on the community collaboration activities of the chosen Eco resort (i.e. the Wonderland resort) of British Columbia. The resort emphasizes on collaboration continuum project that centered on varied global communities. The protestant Christian community of Baghdad, Jewish people of Israel, Punjabi and Marwari Diaspora of India engage in varied community collaborative activities at the Wonderland resort of the British Columbia district of Canada (Laurance, 2014). The community collaboration activities include community kitchen service, community craft exhibition, and fishing and community sports. These community collaboration activities take place at the Wonderland resort of British Columbia. Form a green team at the resort that strives for continual improvement. Initiate an incentive program that engages the staff in the maintenance of eco-friendly environment. Educate the hotel staffs and customers about the sustainable principles. Make a blueprint of Environmental, social and governmental that emphasizes on the areas of improvement and propagation of green practices on the hotel campus. Educate the hotel staffs regarding the vitality of the sustainability plan. Instruct the hotel staffs about planting and maintaining selected herbs in the shielded garden. Allow the staffs to work on an eco-friendly basis. Give them an impetus to work on any kind of sustainable and eco-friendly projects on the resort campus. Install a renewable energy framework on location (no cost alternatives are accessible) or change to an affirmed renewable power supplier. Change to low stream or double flush toilet or introduce can tank diverters. In order to lessen functional cost, water and power, an ozone laundry system should be installed. Install an Energy Management System (EMS) that regulates the air-handling units. Introduce guest room recycling bin that stores used newspaper, plastic bags, aluminum foil, glass and ruffled plastic containers. Use reusing containers both out in the open regions (i.e., poolside), in the kitchen, and in the back office (counting one at every work area) to make reusing as simple as possible. For maintaining building, use LEED certified products for building operation and maintenance. Use filter revisions, refrigerator coil cleaning, thermostat calibration, water leakage converter and garbage adjustment in the perpetual sustainability maintenance plan. If the resort has an eatery, consider transitioning it into a Certified Green Restaurant or other accreditation program. Purchase natural, privately developed sustenance as well as plant a natural garden to introduce fresh platter to the customers. Check the stream rate of the pre-wash shower valve. One has to change it to a valve by utilizing 1.6 gpm of water or less expenses about $75. Consider introducing an on-off foot pedal and preparing the dishwasher to kill the splash valve when not being used. Change to a protected Energy Star bureau can bring about a fast pay back. Change to an Energy Star Steam Cooker that refracts energy. Prepare kitchen representatives to kill ventilation hoods when the cooking instruments are off. Protect high temperature water channels. Find out about other water and vitality sparing open doors (and refunds) at Fishnick (Food Service Technology Center), Consortium for Energy Efficiency, Energy Star for Commercial Kitchens. Use recycling items like clot h napkins, plastic cups and ceramic plates for catering services on the resort campus. Implications of Host/Guest Relationship Tourism is a social pursuit and centered on the pragmatic relationship between the hosts and guests (Lemelin, 2015). The host-guest nexus takes place in three contexts, firstly, the places where tourists can procure goods and services from the concerned hosts. Secondly, the places the guests and hosts discuss many things. Thirdly, the host-guest dynamic is influenced by the taste and preference of the tourists industry. Let us consider the chosen example of eco resort (the Wonderland resort) of British Columbia. For instance, the resort witnesses an inauguration ceremony of a newly launched food drinks. Here, the owner of the food drinks company (say Succulent Juices) is the host of the launch party. The media and other business delegates, who would cover the news, remain under the guest category. The host of the company would definitely impress the guests by throwing a tantalizing event followed by a scrumptious dinner party. The guests (particularly the media professionals) would m ake a systematic approach towards the news coverage (MacPherson, 2016). The host invested money on the promotion of their product. Therefore, they would want the guests (media people) cover the news properly. The host-guest relationship has an important impact on the selected Eco resort management. Due to this, the popularity of the Wonderland resort would revive inasmuch the media coverage is of great importance. At the same time, the guest entries would increase and simultaneously the resort revenues would take a surging leap (Masud, 2017). Therefore, the host-guest relationship greatly influences the management and stature of the hotel industry. Stakeholder Analysis The hotel chains (selected Eco resort) are not homogenous entities and could not be clarified in a lucid way. Figure 1: Conceptual Diagram (Stakeholder analysis) Based on the stakeholder theory (to widen the horizon of the social organization), a conceptual model is drawn in detail. (Please refer to the diagram above). In order to deliberate on stakeholder analysis, a diagnostic tool is considered. A diagnostic tool helps to identify key stakeholders and understand the interests of the stakeholders. At the same time, a diagnostic tool helps to understand the perspective of the stakeholder about the problems. A diagnostic tool helps the stakeholder discern their sources (supportive and destructive) and adumbrate a mandate for the maximization of profit. In hotel and hospitality management, stakeholder analysis is an interminable process. The stakeholders can be of varied categories like advocates (idea creators and designers), champions (leading change), decision makers and opinion leaders. Based on the functions, the shareholders hold shares with the company (percentage of shares varies accordingly) in a blooming hotel and management business. The stakeholder analysis helps comprehending the nature of tourism. The tourism is an all-encompassing concept that involves different interests such as environmental, financial and social. The stakeholder analysis is an apposite tourism method that locates varied objectives of the stakeholders. Due to the analysis, no single stakeholder dominates the scene. The stakeholder management is a process that helps executing sustainable tourism development. For the particular assignment, the tourism product (Eco resort) is taken into account. Perched on a hilly terrain of British Columbia, the Wonderland resort infuses a mental respite. The stakeholders associated with the particular venture, fall under multiple share categories. The stakeholders of the particular company can be of decision makers, potential leaders and idea creators. Based on their functions, the stakeholders hold their shares with the Wonderland resort of British Columbia. Development of tourism product In the passage, the specific tourism product (Eco resort) is taken into account. The Wonderland resort of the British Columbia sets an important example of the Eco resort that exhibits the principles of sustainability (Miller, 2015). The Wonderland resort is developed based on the principles of sustainability. The five core principles of sustainability can be enumerated as: The Material Domain: The domain regulates the foundation for the maintenance of energy flow that underneath the existence. The Economic domain: It provides a blueprint that maintains wealth (Nepal, 2015). The Domain of Life: The particular domain aims to modify behavioural strategy in the biosphere. The Social Domain: The particular sphere supports the foundation of social encounter. The Spiritual Domain: The particular sphere selects the particular attributes and bolsters the foundation for a universal code of conduct. Based on these five core principles of sustainability, the tourism product is delineated. The particular Eco resort (Wonderland resort) of British Columbia puts an emphasis on all-encompassing principles of sustainability. The staffs of the resort use energy-friendly devices that ensure moderate level of energy flow (Prudhomme, 2016). The management of the resort looks into the economic matter. They use recycled materials and make a concrete chart that ensures the maintenance of wealth. In addition, the resort regulates the behaviour of the biosphere. At the same time, the social domain forms the basis of social encounter. The resort employs staffs and inculcates the universal code of ethics in them (Redclift Springett, 2015).Therefore, the chosen Eco resort (Wonderland resort) follows the five principles of sustainability. Reference Aliani, H., Kafaky, S. B., Saffari, A., Monavari, S. M. (2016). Determining an appropriate method for the purpose of land allocation for ecotourism development (case study: Taleghan County, Iran).Environmental monitoring and assessment,188(11), 651. Barrena, E., Laporte, G., Ortega, F. A., Pozo, M. A. (2016). Planning Ecotourism Routes in Nature Parks. InTrends in Differential Equations and Applications(pp. 189-202). Springer International Publishing. Blewitt, J. (2014).Understanding sustainable development. Routledge. Chen, J. S. (2015). Tourism stakeholders attitudes toward sustainable development: A case in the Arctic.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, 225-230. Cobbinah, P. B. (2015). Tourism Management Perspectives.Tourism Management,16, 179-189. Dodds, R., Ali, A., Galaski, K. (2016). Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism.Current Issues in Tourism, 1-22. Fennell, D. A. (2014).Ecotourism. Routledge. Ghimire, K. B., Pimbert, M. P. (2013).Social change and conservation(Vol. 16). Routledge. Graci, S. (2016, February). The potential for aboriginal ecotourism in Ontario. InGeography Research Forum(Vol. 30, pp. 135-148). Higham, J., Bejder, L., Williams, R. (2014). Tourism, cetaceans and sustainable development.Whale-watching: Sustainable tourism and ecological management, 1. Hunt, C., Stronza, A. (2014). Stage-based tourism models and resident attitudes towards tourism in an emerging destination in the developing world.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(2), 279-298. Kiper, T. (2013). Role of ecotourism in sustainable development.Advances in Landscape Arhitecture, Kiper, licensee InTech. Laurance, W. F., Clements, G. R., Sloan, S., Oconnell, C. S., Mueller, N. D., Goosem, M., ... Van Der Ree, R. (2014). A global strategy for road building.Nature,513(7517), 229-232. Lemelin, R. H., Koster, R., Youroukos, N. (2015). Tangible and intangible indicators of successful aboriginal tourism initiatives: A case study of two successful aboriginal tourism lodges in Northern Canada.Tourism Management,47, 318-328. MacPherson, S., Maher, P. T., Esther Tulk, J., Doucette, M. B., Menge, T. (2016). Eskasoni Cultural Journeys: A community-led approach to sustainable tourism development. Masud, M. M., Aldakhil, A. M., Nassani, A. A., Azam, M. N. (2017). Community-based ecotourism management for sustainable development of marine protected areas in Malaysia.Ocean Coastal Management,136, 104-112. Miller, D., Merrilees, B., Coghlan, A. (2015). Sustainable urban tourism: understanding and developing visitor pro-environmental behaviours.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(1), 26-46. Nepal, S. K., Verkoeyen, S., Karrow, T. (2015). The end of sustainable tourism? Re-orienting the debate.The Practice of sustainable Tourism: Resolving the paradox, Routledge, Oxford. Prudhomme, B., Prudhomme, B., Raymond, L., Raymond, L. (2016). Implementation of sustainable development practices in the hospitality industry: A case study of five Canadian hotels.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(3), 609-639. Redclift, M., Springett, D. (Eds.). (2015).Routledge international handbook of sustainable development. Routledge.

Mechanism of Labor free essay sample

A good midwife will always aid in conduction of a vaginal delivery and not hastily conduct it without knowing about the mechanism that is occurring inside the pelvis. Hence it is very essential to learn about mechanism of normal labor, its principles and steps to distinguish it from an abnormal one Definition: The series of movements that occur on the head in the process of adaptation, during its journey through the pelvis, is called mechanism of labor. 1 Principles The principles are common to all mechanisms 1. Descent occurs throughout 2. The part that leads and first meets the resistance of the pelvic floor will rotate until comes under the symphysis pubis 3. The part that escapes under the symphysis pubis will pivot around the pubic bone 4. During the mechanism, the fetus turns slightly to take advantage of the widest available space in each plane of the pelvis, i. e. transverse at the brim and antero-posterior at the outlet 2 Mechanism In normal labor, the head enters the brim more commonly through the available transverse diameter and to a lesser extent through one of the oblique diameters. We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanism of Labor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Accordingly, the position is either Occipito lateral or oblique Occipito anterior. The left Occipito anterior position is commoner than the right Occipito anterior position as the left Occipito diameter is encroached by the rectum. 1 The engaging antero-posterior diameter of the skull is suboccipito bregmatic (9. 5 cm) and the engaging transverse diameter is biparietal 9. 5 cm. 1 As the Occipito Anterior position is the commonest the mechanism of labor will be described for Left Occipito Anterior or Right Occipito Anterior position When the fetus presents in left or right Occipito anterior position the way the fetus is normally situated can be described as follows: * The lie is longitudinal * The presentation is cephalic * The position is ROA or LOA * The attitude is one of flexion * The denominator is the occiput * The presenting part is the posterior part of the anterior parietal bone 2 Positional movements There are several basic positional movements which take place when the fetus is in a cephalic vertex presentation. These are as follows: 1. Engagement 2. Descent throughout 3. Flexion 4. Internal rotation of the head 5. Crowning 6. Delivery of the head by extension 7. Restitution 8. Internal rotation of the shoulders 9. External rotation of the head 10. Birth of the shoulders and body by lateral flexion Although the mechanisms of labor are listed separately, some of these overlap or occur simultaneously (internal rotation of the shoulders and external rotation of the head) 1. Engagement Engagement takes place when the biparietal diameter of the fetal head has passed through the pelvic inlet. In primigravidae, it usually occurs during the latter weeks of pregnancy. In multigravidae, as the muscle tone is lax engagement may not occur until labor actually begins. 2. Descent Descent occurs throughout the mechanisms of labor and is therefore both requisite to and simultaneous with other mechanisms. Descent is a result of a number of forces including contractions and maternal pushing effort with contraction of her abdominal muscles 3. Flexion Flexion is essential to further descent. The pressure exerted down the feta l axis will be transmitted to the occiput. The effect is to increase flexion, which results in the substitution of the smaller suboccipito bregmatic diameter 9. 5 cm. the occiput becomes the leading part. Flexion occurs when the fetal head meets the pelvic floor resistance which increases with descend. 4. Internal rotation of the head Internal rotation brings the anteroposterior diameter of the fetal head into alignment with the anteroposterior diameter of the maternal pelvis. This is accomplished by rotation of the occiput to the anterior portion of the maternal pelvis. In a well flexed vertex presentation, the occiput leads and meets the pelvic floor first and rotates anteriorly through one- eighth of a circle (45 degrees) this causes a slight twist in the neck of the fetus, as the head is no longer in direct alignment with the shoulders. As the fetal head now lies in the widest (anteroposterior) diameter of the pelvic outlet, an easy escape is facilitated. The occiput slips under the pubic arch and crowning occurs when the head no longer recedes between contractions and the widest transverse diameter i. e. biparietal is born. 5. Crowning After internal rotation of the head further descent occurs until the subocciput lies underneath the pubic arch. At this stage, the maximum diameter of the head (biparietal diameter) stretches the vulval outlet without any recession of the head even after the contraction is over. This is called â€Å"crowning of the head†. 6. Delivery of the head by extension Once crowning has occurred, fetal head can extend. The suboccipital region impinges under the symphysis pubis and acts as a pivotal point. The fetal head is now positioned so that further pressure from the contracting uterus and maternal pushing serves to further extend the head as the vaginal orifice opens. A couple of forces act on the fetal head. The driving force pushes the head in a downward direction while the pelvic floor offers a esistance in the upward and forward direction. The downward and upward forces neutralize and remaining forward thrust helps in extension. The successive parts of the fetal head to be born through the stretched vulval outlet are vertex, brow and face. 7. Restitution It is the visible passive movement of the head due to untwisting of the neck sustained during internal rotation. With restitution the occiput moves 45 degrees or one eighth of a circle towards the side from which it started and is again in alignment with the shoulders1 8. Internal rotation of shoulders The anterior shoulder reaches the pelvic floor and rotates anteriorly by one eighth of a circle. The shoulders come to lie in the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet 9. External rotation of the head External rotation of the head occurs as the shoulders rotate 45 degrees internally causing the head to rotate another 45 degrees. The movement can be seen clearly as the head turns at the same time. External rotation occurs in the same direction as restitution. 10. Birth of the shoulders and body by lateral flexion The anterior shoulder comes into view at the vaginal orifice, where it impinges under the symphysis pubis, while the posterior shoulder distends the perineum. This enables a smaller diameter to distend the vaginal orifice than if both the shoulders were born simultaneously. After the shoulders are delivered, the remainder of the body is born by lateral flexion. The mechanism of labor is different for different positions. Most of the movements in the mechanism occur simultaneously and at times may not be clearly visible during the delivery. Hence the midwife should be very careful and cautious and keep in mind the steps of normal mechanism of labor while conducting delivery References 1. D. C Dutta, Textbook of Obstetrics, 6th Edition, New Central Book Agency, Calcutta 2004, Pp: 125-129 2. Annamma Jacob, A Comprehensive Textbook of Midwifery, 2nd Edition, Jaypee brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2009, Pp :187-190 3. www. wingkingskull. com cited on 31st January 2012 4. http://pregnancy. about. com/od/laborbasics/ss/fetalpositions_2. htm cited on 27th January 2012