Kids, Work and Research Paper Writing Websites

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Police Brutality How The Media Influences Our Perceptions

Police Brutality: How the Media Influences Our Perceptions The perception of excessive force has been intensely debated for the last few decades. With continuous public defiance increasing, instances of police brutality are rising at an exponential rate. However, the accessibility to social media has greatly increased as well, therefore, causing us to become more aware of such situations. With that considered, the increased amount of police beatings is far less than what may be perceived. Frequently occurrences of police brutality are brought to our attention through the media. Often times, broadcasting very graphic, and sometimes unlawful situations. Several people may say that discrimination against particular ethnicities may be the main cause of this recent influx. Though, others may believe that subsequent social disparities towards specific ethnicities may cause frustration, consequently, causing law enforcement officers to use unnecessary excessive force, more frequently. On March 3, 1991, a spectator filmed Rodney King, an African American resident of Los Angeles, being beaten by four Caucasian officers of the Los Angeles Police Department, who used a stun gun on King and continually kicked him and struck him with batons. For weeks afterward, the assault obtained capacity coverage appearing in the news media; according to the Vanderbilt Television News Index and Abstracts (1992), from March 5, the evening the story broke, until the conclusion of the remainingShow MoreRelatedExcessive Force And Police Brutality1238 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION Excessive force and police brutality have become common terms for anyone keeping up with today’s current events. In 2014, the media covered numerous cases of excessive force that resulted in the deaths of several people of color (Nelson Staff, 2014). The most widely covered cases by the media in 2014 were of Michael Brown, an 18-year-old black male shot and killed by police officer Darren Wilson in Ferguson, Missouri; and Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black male in Staten Island, NewRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society s Attitude Toward Pointing Out An Apparent Ongoing Struggle Between Whites And Blacks1668 Words   |  7 Pageswrong in the world, or is the media trying to create controversy and increase racial tensions to garner larger television audiences and sell more newspapers? Many stories in the news relate to racism: police brutality, education, crime; the media has a way of portraying these matters or specific incidents to suggest that a vast majority of American s are racist. What might happen if the media, specifically, and society in general, were to focus on the good aspects of our world and the positive sacrificesRead MoreSocial Issue And Social Problem1660 Words   |  7 Pagesa social issue or social problem in our society? By definition, a social issue is a social issue (also called a social problem or s social illness or even an even a social conflict) refers to an issue that influences and is opposed by considerable number of individuals within a society. It is often consequence of factors extending beyond an individual’s control and local geographical environment (Dictionary reference, 2015). Social issues have lingered in our American History since the DeclarationRead MoreThe Perception Of Law Enforcement3313 Words   |  14 PagesIt is no secret the perception of law enforcement has changed in the United States over the last year; given the news coverage of deadly encounters involving victims of one race and police of ficers of another. This brings up the question of whether police officers are really the â€Å"enemy† the public believes them to be through their consumption of rampant negative media coverage, or are they merely one cog in a very large wheel of cascading failures in our society and the criminal justice system.Read MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent explanations from research on the effect of violent music, both positive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. The articles also provides information that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has both a negative and positive impact on African American lives. Over theRead MoreBody Cameras Improve Police Accountability Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pagesaccountability. 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Racial inequality and police brutality is discussed g reatly throughout The Hate U Give, due to the difficulties the protagonist, Starr Carter, endures when her best friend, Khalil, is killed because of him being African American and situated in an unsafe neighborhood. Starr embraces an inner conflict withRead MorePolice Brutality Has Become One Of The Most Serious Essay2182 Words   |  9 Pagesfew year’s police brutality has become one of the most serious, debated, and controversial topics in America. In general, when most people think of the police they think of them as support that they can call when in distress, or as officers patrolling communities in a pursuit to keep the streets safe from drunk drivers, speeders, law breakers, and other threats to the public. But, enforcer of the law is only one perspective in which police officers are portrayed. The perception of police varies onRead MoreThe Issue Of Police Brutality1954 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen the many cases of police brutality and hate crimes against minorities. M any falsely accused people are being incarcerated simply based on the color of their skin or how they look. Racism has been a huge part of Americas past and will continue to be a part of our history as time progresses. It is our history itself that keeps racism in America regrettably alive. It is what has shaped our society today. The actions of unlawful police officers have been presented through media. By revealing the problemsRead MoreMedia s Negative Influence On Public View Of Law Enforcement1772 Words   |  8 PagesMedia s Negative Influence on Public View of Law Enforcement The two common opposing views towards police officers is a supper cop who saves the day and a violent officer who harms civilians. As a society we tend to zoom in on every blemish and mistake law enforcement makes and the media often encourages these views. In news outlets when police positively contribute to the community it usually only makes headlines for a day or two, but when a crisis occurs it receives high media coverage for weeks

Global Product Development and Collaboration Activities

Question: Discuss about the Global Product Development and Collaboration Activities. Answer: Introduction Tourism is an overarching concept and the tourism products are massive in disposition. For instance, they can span from a theme park development (e.g. Disneyland) to a luxuriant spa in Belgium. The tourism industry of Canada entails sophisticated infrastructure that bolster the vacating experience of the tourists (Alianie et al., 2016). As far as the global development project is concerned, the tourism product (Eco resort) of Canada is taken into account. Based on the product, the assignment elaborates on certain areas such as environmental impact, socio-cultural, political impact and community collaboration activities. In the assignment, an attempt is made to adumbrate a sustainability draft. At the same time, the assignment analyses the changing dynamic of guest-host relations in the domain of tourism industry. The assignment makes a blueprint of stakeholder analysis. By considering the principles of sustainability, the assignment sheds light on a tourism product of Canada i.e. Eco resort (as discussed in the beginning of assignment). Environmental Impact In the section, the tourism product (Eco resort) of Canada is emphasized. The Eco resorts assume a paradigm in the recent epoch. Since the past decades, the hotel and the hospitality industry have emphasized the importance of Eco resorts. The Eco resorts are dispersed in the hilly regions of British Columbia. Here, the example of an Eco resort is taken into consideration. The Wonderland resort of British Columbia sets a quintessential mark in the tourism sector. Positioned on the hilly terrain, the Wonderland resort provides a picturesque vista. Wonderland resort is significant, as far as the environmental aspect is concerned. The Wonderland resort of Canada is an Eco resort and engenders electricity through a clean, natural and sustainable mechanism. At the same time, the Wonderland resort generates power using conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. The rescued woods unearthed from the neighbouring areas help Wonderland resort to satisfy the heating needs. The hot spri ng is generated using the same mechanism. The solar panels of the Wonderland resort glean sunlight and execute electricity to the storage batteries (red). Consequently, it delivers AC current to the concerned areas. In the Wonderland resort, the motorized vehicles are not used in the campus. The Wonderland resort gives attention to the environmental sustainability responsibilities. Therefore, the forestry activities are helpful, inasmuch the resort enhances the wildlife habitat and entertaining attributes of the area. The transport vehicles are not allowed on the campus. At the same time, the tourists are prohibited from the hunting and over-fishing activities. Therefore, the Wonderland resort satisfies the needs for environmental sustainability mission. In the Wonderland resort, the exquisite furniture is built using the local British Columbia trees found from the Mountain Pine Beetle. The Wonderland resort selects the quality of woodlot and systematically granulates woods on the m ill (Barrena et al., 2016). The team of the Wonderland resort aims to mould and design the furniture using the materials from the dead trees. Therefore, the Wonderland resort hardly uses the woods from the living and deciduous trees. This is another instance of environmental sustainability used by the Wonderland resort. In the assignment, an attempt is made to design a mitigation plan for the proposed eco resort (the Wonderland resort) of British Columbia. The management of the Wonderland resort of British Columbia considers all the components of environmental sustainability. The mitigation action plan comprises essential objectives: To ensure environmental sustainability To reduce or eliminate long term risks related to property hazards and damaging of peoples health To protect the ecosystem from getting extinct or deceased Based on the underlying objectives, the Wonderland resort proposes a mitigation action plan. The Wonderland resort satisfies the needs of the environmental sustainability program. The team makes a concrete plan for this respect. The team does not make furniture from the living and deciduous trees. It does not engage any kind of forestry, hunting and over-fishing activities on the campus (Blewitt, 2014). At the same time, the transport vehicles are not used on the campus. Therefore, the eco resort (the Wonderland resort) of Canada fulfills the needs of the environmental sustainability program (encapsulated in the objectives of the program). Socio-Cultural Impact The assignment discusses the socio-cultural impact of the concerned tourist product. The tourist product (Eco resort) is emphasized in the assignment. The Wonderland resort of British Columbia provides a legendary and king-size treat to the global customers. To begin with, the Wonderland resort offers a cosmopolitan cultural milieu. The management of the Eco resort (the Wonderland resort) consists of individuals hailing from varied social categories. Technically speaking, the British Columbia absorbs people of varied races, communities and ethnicities into its fold (Chen, 2015). The Wonderland resort of British Columbia is oriented towards social inclusivity and enhancement of culture. The Wonderland resort recruits employees (like the chief manager, director, receptionists, inspector and waiters) from varied social backgrounds. In fact, the Wonderland resort hires top officials from diverse backgrounds, irrespective of race, ethnicity and community. At the same time, the women emplo yees are given equal treatment and salary like their counterparts. The Wonderland resort is not an all-white resort. It does not entail any racial exclusiveness, as far as the recruitment of the employees of the Wonderland resort is concerned. The Wonderland resort engages a wide array of employees, encompassing European immigrants, Asian Americans, Indians and people from other Diasporas, who have requisite qualifications for the respective posts (Cobbinah, 2015). Therefore, the Wonderland resort influences the social setting of the region of British Columbia. The Wonderland resort of British Columbia involves all aspects of natural milieu, history and culture. Established as an Eco resort, the Wonderland resort puts an emphasis on the enhancement of culture and heritage. The resort focuses on the aspect of commingling of diverse cultures. The Wonderland resort sees the convergence of orient and occident cultures. The resort adopts a holistic approach towards the maintenance of culture and heritage. The resort has customized rooms and suites, related to the taste and preference of multi-cultured people, like Native Americans and Canadian, Europeans, Asians and Africans (Dodds et al., 2016). At the same time, the resort offers multi-cuisine and inter-continental buffets, such as Mexican, Italian, Spanish, Indian, Lebanese and other specialized buffets. In addition, the resort has other facilities like spa, swimming pool, tennis court and childrens playing corner. Each aspect of the Wonderland resort (as selected) is the reflection of beauty and cultural diversity. The Indonesian flooring, the Georgian architecture, the Mughal-styled Indian candelabra and the Chinese carpentry glorify the milieu and spawn a cultural efflorescence (Fennell, 2014). Speaking briefly, every inch of the Wonderland resort of British Columbia explores cultural maturation and synergy. Political impact The effect of governmental issues upon the Wonderland resort is phenomenal. The courses are interminable in which governments influence the conveyance of accommodation and tourism items, regardless of direction of trade, business and land improvement activities, social and memorable safeguarding procedures, and tax collection arrangements. Governments may likewise be included in spending open subsidizes on the advancement of attractions that support the infrastructure of Wonderland resort (Ghimire et al., 2013). Administrators build up convenience duties to subsidize these advertising activities, and civil servants pick victors and washouts by selecting the particular tourism resources and goals they will advance. Business achievement is straightforwardly influenced by political choices that influence the situations, like monetary, biological, and social under which cordiality and tourism capacities. This raises the issue of whether the part and its interests are articulated in the l obbies of government (Graci, 2016). The exquisite political activities are vital to the Wonderland resort of British Columbia. However, the present level of political association is weak. The low representation among officials over the six states is woefully unbalanced to the noteworthy commitments our industry makes to business and monetary imperativeness inside the area (Higham et al., 2014). Economic impact The Wonderland resort of British Columbia is an Eco resort and offers a host of economic benefits. The Eco resort of British Columbia accounts for $ 3.6 million in monetary exercises and 8 percent of all occupations across the sector. Inside this sector, the Wonderland resort is by a long shot the quickest developing segment. It is growing by 20-34 percent for each year since the mid 2012 (Hunt Stronza, 2014). The Eco resort is viewed as more economical than alternate parts of tourism. This implies it is seen as a type of tourism that can keep up biological components. It misuses regular assets without wrecking the environmental harmony of a territory (Kiper, 2013). Eco resort ought to give guidance related to natural conservation. This implies the Wonderland resort ought to help raise reserves for ecological research, security and training. This ought to be done utilizing an assortment of means, which include stop extra charges, inn, and visit organization, carrier, and airplane te rminal assessments alongside willful commitments. Community Collaboration Activities The assignment focuses on the community collaboration activities of the chosen Eco resort (i.e. the Wonderland resort) of British Columbia. The resort emphasizes on collaboration continuum project that centered on varied global communities. The protestant Christian community of Baghdad, Jewish people of Israel, Punjabi and Marwari Diaspora of India engage in varied community collaborative activities at the Wonderland resort of the British Columbia district of Canada (Laurance, 2014). The community collaboration activities include community kitchen service, community craft exhibition, and fishing and community sports. These community collaboration activities take place at the Wonderland resort of British Columbia. Form a green team at the resort that strives for continual improvement. Initiate an incentive program that engages the staff in the maintenance of eco-friendly environment. Educate the hotel staffs and customers about the sustainable principles. Make a blueprint of Environmental, social and governmental that emphasizes on the areas of improvement and propagation of green practices on the hotel campus. Educate the hotel staffs regarding the vitality of the sustainability plan. Instruct the hotel staffs about planting and maintaining selected herbs in the shielded garden. Allow the staffs to work on an eco-friendly basis. Give them an impetus to work on any kind of sustainable and eco-friendly projects on the resort campus. Install a renewable energy framework on location (no cost alternatives are accessible) or change to an affirmed renewable power supplier. Change to low stream or double flush toilet or introduce can tank diverters. In order to lessen functional cost, water and power, an ozone laundry system should be installed. Install an Energy Management System (EMS) that regulates the air-handling units. Introduce guest room recycling bin that stores used newspaper, plastic bags, aluminum foil, glass and ruffled plastic containers. Use reusing containers both out in the open regions (i.e., poolside), in the kitchen, and in the back office (counting one at every work area) to make reusing as simple as possible. For maintaining building, use LEED certified products for building operation and maintenance. Use filter revisions, refrigerator coil cleaning, thermostat calibration, water leakage converter and garbage adjustment in the perpetual sustainability maintenance plan. If the resort has an eatery, consider transitioning it into a Certified Green Restaurant or other accreditation program. Purchase natural, privately developed sustenance as well as plant a natural garden to introduce fresh platter to the customers. Check the stream rate of the pre-wash shower valve. One has to change it to a valve by utilizing 1.6 gpm of water or less expenses about $75. Consider introducing an on-off foot pedal and preparing the dishwasher to kill the splash valve when not being used. Change to a protected Energy Star bureau can bring about a fast pay back. Change to an Energy Star Steam Cooker that refracts energy. Prepare kitchen representatives to kill ventilation hoods when the cooking instruments are off. Protect high temperature water channels. Find out about other water and vitality sparing open doors (and refunds) at Fishnick (Food Service Technology Center), Consortium for Energy Efficiency, Energy Star for Commercial Kitchens. Use recycling items like clot h napkins, plastic cups and ceramic plates for catering services on the resort campus. Implications of Host/Guest Relationship Tourism is a social pursuit and centered on the pragmatic relationship between the hosts and guests (Lemelin, 2015). The host-guest nexus takes place in three contexts, firstly, the places where tourists can procure goods and services from the concerned hosts. Secondly, the places the guests and hosts discuss many things. Thirdly, the host-guest dynamic is influenced by the taste and preference of the tourists industry. Let us consider the chosen example of eco resort (the Wonderland resort) of British Columbia. For instance, the resort witnesses an inauguration ceremony of a newly launched food drinks. Here, the owner of the food drinks company (say Succulent Juices) is the host of the launch party. The media and other business delegates, who would cover the news, remain under the guest category. The host of the company would definitely impress the guests by throwing a tantalizing event followed by a scrumptious dinner party. The guests (particularly the media professionals) would m ake a systematic approach towards the news coverage (MacPherson, 2016). The host invested money on the promotion of their product. Therefore, they would want the guests (media people) cover the news properly. The host-guest relationship has an important impact on the selected Eco resort management. Due to this, the popularity of the Wonderland resort would revive inasmuch the media coverage is of great importance. At the same time, the guest entries would increase and simultaneously the resort revenues would take a surging leap (Masud, 2017). Therefore, the host-guest relationship greatly influences the management and stature of the hotel industry. Stakeholder Analysis The hotel chains (selected Eco resort) are not homogenous entities and could not be clarified in a lucid way. Figure 1: Conceptual Diagram (Stakeholder analysis) Based on the stakeholder theory (to widen the horizon of the social organization), a conceptual model is drawn in detail. (Please refer to the diagram above). In order to deliberate on stakeholder analysis, a diagnostic tool is considered. A diagnostic tool helps to identify key stakeholders and understand the interests of the stakeholders. At the same time, a diagnostic tool helps to understand the perspective of the stakeholder about the problems. A diagnostic tool helps the stakeholder discern their sources (supportive and destructive) and adumbrate a mandate for the maximization of profit. In hotel and hospitality management, stakeholder analysis is an interminable process. The stakeholders can be of varied categories like advocates (idea creators and designers), champions (leading change), decision makers and opinion leaders. Based on the functions, the shareholders hold shares with the company (percentage of shares varies accordingly) in a blooming hotel and management business. The stakeholder analysis helps comprehending the nature of tourism. The tourism is an all-encompassing concept that involves different interests such as environmental, financial and social. The stakeholder analysis is an apposite tourism method that locates varied objectives of the stakeholders. Due to the analysis, no single stakeholder dominates the scene. The stakeholder management is a process that helps executing sustainable tourism development. For the particular assignment, the tourism product (Eco resort) is taken into account. Perched on a hilly terrain of British Columbia, the Wonderland resort infuses a mental respite. The stakeholders associated with the particular venture, fall under multiple share categories. The stakeholders of the particular company can be of decision makers, potential leaders and idea creators. Based on their functions, the stakeholders hold their shares with the Wonderland resort of British Columbia. Development of tourism product In the passage, the specific tourism product (Eco resort) is taken into account. The Wonderland resort of the British Columbia sets an important example of the Eco resort that exhibits the principles of sustainability (Miller, 2015). The Wonderland resort is developed based on the principles of sustainability. The five core principles of sustainability can be enumerated as: The Material Domain: The domain regulates the foundation for the maintenance of energy flow that underneath the existence. The Economic domain: It provides a blueprint that maintains wealth (Nepal, 2015). The Domain of Life: The particular domain aims to modify behavioural strategy in the biosphere. The Social Domain: The particular sphere supports the foundation of social encounter. The Spiritual Domain: The particular sphere selects the particular attributes and bolsters the foundation for a universal code of conduct. Based on these five core principles of sustainability, the tourism product is delineated. The particular Eco resort (Wonderland resort) of British Columbia puts an emphasis on all-encompassing principles of sustainability. The staffs of the resort use energy-friendly devices that ensure moderate level of energy flow (Prudhomme, 2016). The management of the resort looks into the economic matter. They use recycled materials and make a concrete chart that ensures the maintenance of wealth. In addition, the resort regulates the behaviour of the biosphere. At the same time, the social domain forms the basis of social encounter. The resort employs staffs and inculcates the universal code of ethics in them (Redclift Springett, 2015).Therefore, the chosen Eco resort (Wonderland resort) follows the five principles of sustainability. Reference Aliani, H., Kafaky, S. B., Saffari, A., Monavari, S. M. (2016). Determining an appropriate method for the purpose of land allocation for ecotourism development (case study: Taleghan County, Iran).Environmental monitoring and assessment,188(11), 651. Barrena, E., Laporte, G., Ortega, F. A., Pozo, M. A. (2016). Planning Ecotourism Routes in Nature Parks. InTrends in Differential Equations and Applications(pp. 189-202). Springer International Publishing. Blewitt, J. (2014).Understanding sustainable development. Routledge. Chen, J. S. (2015). Tourism stakeholders attitudes toward sustainable development: A case in the Arctic.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,22, 225-230. Cobbinah, P. B. (2015). Tourism Management Perspectives.Tourism Management,16, 179-189. Dodds, R., Ali, A., Galaski, K. (2016). Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism.Current Issues in Tourism, 1-22. Fennell, D. A. (2014).Ecotourism. Routledge. Ghimire, K. B., Pimbert, M. P. (2013).Social change and conservation(Vol. 16). Routledge. Graci, S. (2016, February). The potential for aboriginal ecotourism in Ontario. InGeography Research Forum(Vol. 30, pp. 135-148). Higham, J., Bejder, L., Williams, R. (2014). Tourism, cetaceans and sustainable development.Whale-watching: Sustainable tourism and ecological management, 1. Hunt, C., Stronza, A. (2014). Stage-based tourism models and resident attitudes towards tourism in an emerging destination in the developing world.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,22(2), 279-298. Kiper, T. (2013). Role of ecotourism in sustainable development.Advances in Landscape Arhitecture, Kiper, licensee InTech. Laurance, W. F., Clements, G. R., Sloan, S., Oconnell, C. S., Mueller, N. D., Goosem, M., ... Van Der Ree, R. (2014). A global strategy for road building.Nature,513(7517), 229-232. Lemelin, R. H., Koster, R., Youroukos, N. (2015). Tangible and intangible indicators of successful aboriginal tourism initiatives: A case study of two successful aboriginal tourism lodges in Northern Canada.Tourism Management,47, 318-328. MacPherson, S., Maher, P. T., Esther Tulk, J., Doucette, M. B., Menge, T. (2016). Eskasoni Cultural Journeys: A community-led approach to sustainable tourism development. Masud, M. M., Aldakhil, A. M., Nassani, A. A., Azam, M. N. (2017). Community-based ecotourism management for sustainable development of marine protected areas in Malaysia.Ocean Coastal Management,136, 104-112. Miller, D., Merrilees, B., Coghlan, A. (2015). Sustainable urban tourism: understanding and developing visitor pro-environmental behaviours.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(1), 26-46. Nepal, S. K., Verkoeyen, S., Karrow, T. (2015). The end of sustainable tourism? Re-orienting the debate.The Practice of sustainable Tourism: Resolving the paradox, Routledge, Oxford. Prudhomme, B., Prudhomme, B., Raymond, L., Raymond, L. (2016). Implementation of sustainable development practices in the hospitality industry: A case study of five Canadian hotels.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,28(3), 609-639. Redclift, M., Springett, D. (Eds.). (2015).Routledge international handbook of sustainable development. Routledge.

Mechanism of Labor free essay sample

A good midwife will always aid in conduction of a vaginal delivery and not hastily conduct it without knowing about the mechanism that is occurring inside the pelvis. Hence it is very essential to learn about mechanism of normal labor, its principles and steps to distinguish it from an abnormal one Definition: The series of movements that occur on the head in the process of adaptation, during its journey through the pelvis, is called mechanism of labor. 1 Principles The principles are common to all mechanisms 1. Descent occurs throughout 2. The part that leads and first meets the resistance of the pelvic floor will rotate until comes under the symphysis pubis 3. The part that escapes under the symphysis pubis will pivot around the pubic bone 4. During the mechanism, the fetus turns slightly to take advantage of the widest available space in each plane of the pelvis, i. e. transverse at the brim and antero-posterior at the outlet 2 Mechanism In normal labor, the head enters the brim more commonly through the available transverse diameter and to a lesser extent through one of the oblique diameters. We will write a custom essay sample on Mechanism of Labor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Accordingly, the position is either Occipito lateral or oblique Occipito anterior. The left Occipito anterior position is commoner than the right Occipito anterior position as the left Occipito diameter is encroached by the rectum. 1 The engaging antero-posterior diameter of the skull is suboccipito bregmatic (9. 5 cm) and the engaging transverse diameter is biparietal 9. 5 cm. 1 As the Occipito Anterior position is the commonest the mechanism of labor will be described for Left Occipito Anterior or Right Occipito Anterior position When the fetus presents in left or right Occipito anterior position the way the fetus is normally situated can be described as follows: * The lie is longitudinal * The presentation is cephalic * The position is ROA or LOA * The attitude is one of flexion * The denominator is the occiput * The presenting part is the posterior part of the anterior parietal bone 2 Positional movements There are several basic positional movements which take place when the fetus is in a cephalic vertex presentation. These are as follows: 1. Engagement 2. Descent throughout 3. Flexion 4. Internal rotation of the head 5. Crowning 6. Delivery of the head by extension 7. Restitution 8. Internal rotation of the shoulders 9. External rotation of the head 10. Birth of the shoulders and body by lateral flexion Although the mechanisms of labor are listed separately, some of these overlap or occur simultaneously (internal rotation of the shoulders and external rotation of the head) 1. Engagement Engagement takes place when the biparietal diameter of the fetal head has passed through the pelvic inlet. In primigravidae, it usually occurs during the latter weeks of pregnancy. In multigravidae, as the muscle tone is lax engagement may not occur until labor actually begins. 2. Descent Descent occurs throughout the mechanisms of labor and is therefore both requisite to and simultaneous with other mechanisms. Descent is a result of a number of forces including contractions and maternal pushing effort with contraction of her abdominal muscles 3. Flexion Flexion is essential to further descent. The pressure exerted down the feta l axis will be transmitted to the occiput. The effect is to increase flexion, which results in the substitution of the smaller suboccipito bregmatic diameter 9. 5 cm. the occiput becomes the leading part. Flexion occurs when the fetal head meets the pelvic floor resistance which increases with descend. 4. Internal rotation of the head Internal rotation brings the anteroposterior diameter of the fetal head into alignment with the anteroposterior diameter of the maternal pelvis. This is accomplished by rotation of the occiput to the anterior portion of the maternal pelvis. In a well flexed vertex presentation, the occiput leads and meets the pelvic floor first and rotates anteriorly through one- eighth of a circle (45 degrees) this causes a slight twist in the neck of the fetus, as the head is no longer in direct alignment with the shoulders. As the fetal head now lies in the widest (anteroposterior) diameter of the pelvic outlet, an easy escape is facilitated. The occiput slips under the pubic arch and crowning occurs when the head no longer recedes between contractions and the widest transverse diameter i. e. biparietal is born. 5. Crowning After internal rotation of the head further descent occurs until the subocciput lies underneath the pubic arch. At this stage, the maximum diameter of the head (biparietal diameter) stretches the vulval outlet without any recession of the head even after the contraction is over. This is called â€Å"crowning of the head†. 6. Delivery of the head by extension Once crowning has occurred, fetal head can extend. The suboccipital region impinges under the symphysis pubis and acts as a pivotal point. The fetal head is now positioned so that further pressure from the contracting uterus and maternal pushing serves to further extend the head as the vaginal orifice opens. A couple of forces act on the fetal head. The driving force pushes the head in a downward direction while the pelvic floor offers a esistance in the upward and forward direction. The downward and upward forces neutralize and remaining forward thrust helps in extension. The successive parts of the fetal head to be born through the stretched vulval outlet are vertex, brow and face. 7. Restitution It is the visible passive movement of the head due to untwisting of the neck sustained during internal rotation. With restitution the occiput moves 45 degrees or one eighth of a circle towards the side from which it started and is again in alignment with the shoulders1 8. Internal rotation of shoulders The anterior shoulder reaches the pelvic floor and rotates anteriorly by one eighth of a circle. The shoulders come to lie in the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet 9. External rotation of the head External rotation of the head occurs as the shoulders rotate 45 degrees internally causing the head to rotate another 45 degrees. The movement can be seen clearly as the head turns at the same time. External rotation occurs in the same direction as restitution. 10. Birth of the shoulders and body by lateral flexion The anterior shoulder comes into view at the vaginal orifice, where it impinges under the symphysis pubis, while the posterior shoulder distends the perineum. This enables a smaller diameter to distend the vaginal orifice than if both the shoulders were born simultaneously. After the shoulders are delivered, the remainder of the body is born by lateral flexion. The mechanism of labor is different for different positions. Most of the movements in the mechanism occur simultaneously and at times may not be clearly visible during the delivery. Hence the midwife should be very careful and cautious and keep in mind the steps of normal mechanism of labor while conducting delivery References 1. D. C Dutta, Textbook of Obstetrics, 6th Edition, New Central Book Agency, Calcutta 2004, Pp: 125-129 2. Annamma Jacob, A Comprehensive Textbook of Midwifery, 2nd Edition, Jaypee brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi, 2009, Pp :187-190 3. www. wingkingskull. com cited on 31st January 2012 4. http://pregnancy. about. com/od/laborbasics/ss/fetalpositions_2. htm cited on 27th January 2012

Summary of Blade Runner Death and Resurrection

Summary of Blade Runner Death and Resurrection Alan Turing, the founder of artificial intelligence established the Turing Test to aid in differentiating between human and artificial intelligence among other things.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Summary of Blade Runner: Death and Resurrection specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The test symbolizes the move to believe that positions are not permanent, while essentialist ideas of human nature are diluted. This post-modernistic thinking argues that humans develop themselves through dreams, histories, myths, stories, and memories. Langer says that postmodernism is symbolized by numerous questions as human beings attempt to understand the mystery of this world. The breakthrough in genetic engineering and artificial intelligence makes it hard to differentiate what is imaginary from what is real among others. Films and cinematic texts give reliable resources of understanding our consciousness. Ironically, these reso urces give a notion of â€Å"present†, while in actual sense they establish an artificial understanding of space and time. Films impress patterns in our every day occurrences and together with statements and differences of our humanity thus shaping consciousness. Blade Runner is one of the films that show how humanity shapes its identity and the expectations it makes based on the nature of its surrounding. The film shows a world full of corporate greed and technological growth. It portrays the city of Los Angeles as a city that cannot be inhabited. While most of the reasonable people choose to live in the outer space, they encounter a crisis of living with genetically engineered beings referred to as â€Å"replicants†. The crisis narrows the boundary between artificial and human. The film shows the existing level of expectation and confusion in humankind by showing instances of constant happenings, disappearances, and flourishing information. There is a division in soc iety such that people speak different languages. Besides, harshness in the society is so great that only adults live in the society. Technology has led to the establishment of social classes where the intelligent use and discard the less intelligent at will. As the film continues, it reveals that most of the people living in Los Angeles do not enjoy their freedom as their superiors direct them on what to do. Only those in authority like Tyrell enjoy freedom. The power-holders signify the shaping of a culture that uses and later throws away what it uses. Tyrell throws away Rachel (a replicant) after using her for a long period. The replicants’ abilities indicate the tailor-made work programs, employment arrangements, and production systems that currently exist in the modern corporations.Advertising Looking for book review on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the film, disbelief i s high in postmodernism in terms of distinguishing the real and imaginary. There is no clear difference between the replicants and the real people as shown by the tests conducted. Man has made most of his understandings in his own image such that it is hard to distinguish the real from the artificial and thus man is in the struggle of establishing his identity. Blade Runner warns on the dangers of chauvinistic science that is dominating the postmodern world. The film portrays the Los Angeles of 2019 as a total ruin caused by men’s dominance. Men dominate everything. As the film shows the development of human images and their destruction, it brings out the idea of creation and death or destruction. The film uses a dove to signify its opinion that a law, which embraces feminism, ought to rule post-apocalyptic society characterized by corporate greed in a bid to deal with male dominance in the society.

Endothermic and Exothermic Chemical Reactions

Endothermic and Exothermic Chemical Reactions Many chemical reactions release energy in the form of heat, light, or sound. These are exothermic reactions. Exothermic reactions may occur spontaneously and result in higher randomness or entropy (ΔS 0ï » ¿) of the system. They are denoted by a negative heat flow (heat is lost to the surroundings) and decrease in enthalpy (ΔH 0). In the lab, exothermic reactions produce heat or may even be explosive. There are other chemical reactions that must absorb energy in order to proceed. These are endothermic reactions. Endothermic reactions cannot occur spontaneously. Work must be done in order to get these reactions to occur. When endothermic reactions absorb energy, a temperature drop is measured during the reaction. Endothermic reactions are characterized by positive heat flow (into the reaction) and an increase in enthalpy (ΔH). Examples of Endothermic and Exothermic Processes Photosynthesis is an example of an endothermic chemical reaction. In this process, plants use the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This reaction requires 15MJ of energy (sunlight) for every kilogram of glucose that is produced: sunlight 6CO2(g) H2O(l) C6H12O6(aq) 6O2(g) Other examples of endothermic processes include: Dissolving ammonium chloride in waterCracking alkanesNucleosynthesis of elements heavier than nickel in starsEvaporating liquid waterMelting ice An example of an exothermic reaction is the mixture of sodium and chlorine to yield table salt. This reaction produces 411 kJ of energy for each mole of salt that is produced: Na(s) 0.5Cl2(s) NaCl(s) Other examples of exothermic processes include: The thermite reactionA neutralization reaction (e.g., mixing an acid and a base to form a salt and water)Most polymerization reactionsCombustion of a fuelRespirationNuclear fissionCorrosion of metal (an oxidation reaction)Dissolving an acid in water Demonstrations You Can Perform Many exothermic and endothermic reactions involve toxic chemicals, extreme heat or cold, or messy disposal methods. An example of a quick exothermic reaction is dissolving powdered laundry detergent in your hand with a bit of water. An example of an easy endothermic reaction is dissolving potassium chloride (sold as a salt substitute) in your hand with water. These endothermic and exothermic demonstrations are safe and easy: Exciting Exothermic Reactions to Try: Heat things up with one of these simple exothermic reaction demonstrations.Create an Endothermic Reaction: Some endothermic reactions get cold enough to cause frostbite. Heres an example of a reaction safe enough for kids to touch.How to Create an Exothermic Chemical Reaction: Some exothermic reactions produce flames and get extremely hot (like the thermite reaction). Here is a safe exothermic reaction that produces heat but wont start fires or cause a burn.Make Hot Ice From Vinegar and Baking Soda: Sodium acetate or hot ice can be used as either an endothermic or exothermic reaction, depending on whether you are crystallizing or melting the solid. Endothermic vs Exothermic Comparison Heres a quick summary of the differences between endothermic and exothermic reactions: Endothermic Exothermic heat is absorbed (feels cold) heat is released (feels warm) energy must be added for reaction to occur reaction occurs spontaneously disorder decreases (ΔS 0) entropy increases (ΔS 0) increase in enthalpy (+ΔH) decrease in enthalpy (-ΔH) Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions Endothermic and exothermic reactions refer to the absorption or release of heat. There are other types of energy which may be produced or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Examples include light and sound. In general, reactions involving energy may be classified as endergonic or exergonic, An endothermic reaction is an example of an endergonic reaction. An exothermic reaction is an example of an exergonic reaction. Key Facts Endothermic and exothermic reactions are chemical reactions that absorb and release heat, respectively.A good example of an endothermic reaction is photosynthesis. Combustion is an example of an exothermic reaction.The categorization of a reaction as endo- or exothermic depends on the net heat transfer. In any given reaction, heat is both absorbed and released. For example, energy must be input into a combustion reaction to start it (lighting a fire with a match), but then more heat is released than was required. Resources and Further Reading Qian, Y.†Z., et al. â€Å"Diverse Supernova Sources for the r†Process.† The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 494, no. 1, 10 Feb. 1998, pp. 285-296, doi:10.1086/305198.Yin, Xi, et al. â€Å"Self-Heating Approach to the Fast Production of Uniform Metal Nanostructures.† Chemistry of Nanomaterials for Energy, Biology and More, vol. 2, no. 1, 26 Aug. 2015, pp. 37-41, doi:10.1002/cnma.201500123.

Final Questions 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Final Questions 2 - Essay Example Thus Presidents Bill Clinton and Dwight D. Eisenhower have enjoyed wide popularity and acclaimed great by virtue of the prosperous times they served the nation (Griffin and Hines, 2008). President Abraham Lincoln, in my humble opinion, is undoubtedly the best American president. He stood firm in ensuring the victory of the Federal Government over the seceding Southern States during the American civil war. The victory, indeed, changed the America history as it not only led to consolidation of the union, but also led to the emancipation of African-Americans from the bonds of slavery. Furthermore, Abraham Lincoln beliefs and actions are foundations of many American’s ideas. For instance, his definition of democracy as the government of the people, by the people and for the people has become the universally accepted definition of democracy. Franklin D. Roosevelt had enormous impact on American history. He fought and won two of the greatest threat to the America – the Great Depression and the World War II. His aggressive and well implemented New Deal Program changed American history while his focused and committed leadership led to the defect of the Allies forces during the Second World War. While some presidents become great by influencing the time they served, others become great by virtue of the time they serve.

Asian Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Asian Economic - Essay Example â€Å"The 1993 World Bank policy research report† (Ryan 802) named The East Asian Miracle, identified eight â€Å"high-performing Asian economies (HPAEs)† (Ryan 802) and classified them into three distinct groups according to the duration of uninterrupted â€Å"positive real economic growth rates between 1960 and 1990† (Ryan 802). Japan alone occupied the first group. By the 1960s, Japan had already become matured as an economy by maintaining a remarkably high focus on economic development. Hence it had become a leader with an enviable record showing sustained economic growth for thirty consecutive years. The second group consisted of four countries recognized as ‘four Asian tigers’; namely, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea. All these four economies had witnessed soaring economic growth rates consistently since the mid-1960s until the mid 1990s. Three other countries, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia, were referred to as â€Å"newly indu strializing economies (NIEs)† (Ryan 802) by the World Bank. These countries that made the third group of HPAEs had been included in the list of the HPAEs in the beginning of 1970s. The outstanding growth rates and economic performances reflected by the eight nations had one thing in common. Excepting Japan, which had been categorized as a developed country by the 1960s, all the other seven countries had adopted strategic macroeconomic policies and implemented them to manage their economic activities, coupled with carefully selected policy interventions by their individual governments. Research reveals that in all these cases, the government played a decisive role in mobilization of resources. Government policies were assisted by foreign direct investment (FDI) and technological transfer from other industrialized nations of the world, particularly Japan and the USA (Ryan 802). Causes of the financial collapse in Asian economies Heavy dependence on cheap labor input Initially, c ompetitive advantage of these countries was founded on their endowment of abundant labor. Since supply of labor was abundant in these countries, labor input was cheap, which created competitive advantage for these countries in adopting labor intensive technologies of production. However, as the knowledge intensity increased in the exports made by these countries they increasingly started to rely on highly skilled labor force that was more productive than low skilled laborers and was also more disciplined. Krugman had made a controversial contention on the phenomenon of economic growth of the Asian economies (65). The renowned economist had put that these countries would inevitably face a downfall in their economic growth. Since the lofty growth rates of these countries were achieved principally through incorporation of higher amounts of labor input along with capital input into the production process of these economies. This led to higher output and hence higher GDP, but, did not in crease the net level of productivity. This was a stage when the economies were moving along the revenue curve in the zone of increasing returns. According to Krugman, it could be anticipated that these economies would reach the range of diminishing returns (Krugman 65) that would ultimately

The Truth about Non Organic foods Essay Example for Free

The Truth about Non Organic foods Essay In today’s society, an individual can go into the grocery store to pick up some â€Å"fresh† lettuce and garnishing’s for a salad and think that they are doing something good for both them self and for the environment. This same person will likely purchase low calorie snacks, sugar free desserts, and perhaps even Splenda and then live under the misconception that they are in fact eating a â€Å"healthy† diet. Yet, within the so-called fresh salad and the other products mentioned above, are little secrets; secrets that most food sellers don’t want consumers to know. In fact, these types of products are what are commonly referred to as non-organic. Non-organic foods include chemicals and fertilizers and can be defined as deprived of living. As opposed to organic foods which are foods produced by using organic farming. Here, the word organic refers to the way the farmers grow and process these agricultural products, such as fruits, vegetables, grains, dairy products and meat. Organic farming practices are designed to encourage soil and water conversation and reduce pollution. Farmers who grow organic produce and meat dont use conventional methods to fertilize, or to control weeds and prevent livestock disease. For example, rather than using chemical weed killers, organic farmers may conduct more sophisticated crop rotations and spread mulch to keep seeds at bay. There are, of course many supporters of nonorganic food, who argue that there is little difference between non organic and organic food. According to a recent 2012 study conducted at Harvard University, eating organic fruits and vegetables may lower exposure to pesticides, however the amount measured from non-organic foods is still within safety limits, making it safe and still healthy for consumers to eat non organic products† (47). However, there are a growing number of critics of nonorganic food, who argue that nonorganic produce contain a larger amount of pesticides and chemicals that have been linked to cancer, problems with pregnancy, and development issues in children. These critics also argue that non organic produce have been found to contain a lot less nutrition when compared to organic produces. It seems clear after a careful consideration of all the issues that nonorganic foods are, in fact, harmful to the body. The most harmful aspect of nonorganic foods is the presence of chemicals, many of  which are linked to cancer and other life-threatening diseases. Non organic foods are full of  preservatives, pesticides, and chemicals proven to cause cancer. Pesticides are classified as a  toxin, which means that they kill living things. These toxins are often sprayed on the  nonorganic foods available in the marketplace. The problem with these toxins is the large  amount of health problems they have been linked to. In terms of current scientific data, it is  becoming clear that these types of these toxins do in fact cause Cancer and other life  threatening diseases. Indeed, the Breast Cancer Awareness Society in  Birmingham, Alabama alerts consumers about the link between pesticides and cancer:  Pesticides sprayed on Crops, antibiotics used on poultry, and hormones injected into cattle,  sheep and hogs expose Consumers involuntarily to contaminants that become part of our bodies .  Some of these exposures our found to increase breast cancer risk. (#) In addition, the  chemicals associated with nonorganic foods are also linked to a wide range of human health  hazards, ranging from short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic effects like  cancer, reproductive issues and endocrine disruption and even acute dangers, such as nerve, and  eye irritation, as well as headaches, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, and systemic poisoning. The  newest USDA research adds to the growing body of evidence that shows pesticide exposure  weakens the immune system, making people more susceptible to parasites and pathogens. A  dramatic example of the difference between organic and nonorganic food is the case of my Aunt  Amanda, who in 2012 was diagnosed with three types of cancer, including breast  Cancer. Aunt Amanda had heard about a treatment called the Gorgons diet, a diet formulated  around the eating of strictly organic foods. Amanda decided to follow this diet and ultimately,  by sticking to this diet and removing all forms of nonorganic food from her diet, her cancer has  gone into remission. And now, she has been full of energy and life ever since. Although this is  only one case, nevertheless, this particular example raises questions about the validity of  nonorganic foods and perhaps, the usefulness of organic foods in reversing harmful diseases. Nonorganic foods, also, tend to contain less vitamins than their organic counterparts and this, likewise, mitigates their use both as a proper food source and as a source of nutrition. First of all, nonorganic foods are very low in terms of vitamins. A two-year study led by John Reganold of Washington State University provided side-by-side comparisons of organic and conventional strawberry farms has shown organic farms produced more flavorful and nutritious berries while promoting healthier and more genetically diverse soils. According to †¦..[results] [(47)]. Another study was conducted by The Organic Center and professors from the University of Florida Department of Horticulture and Washington State University. This study foundthat there was a 25 percent higher concentration of 11 nutrients than their conventional counterparts (47). Obviously, as these studies tend to confirm, Organic foods really are better for an individual. And, in fact, as Florida study showed, organic foo ds are more nutritious than ordinary produce and may in fact lengthen peoples lives.(47). Obviously, organic foods are not only an alternative route to remaining safe from pesticides and chemical, but also these foods are healthier in the sense that they carry a larger amount of nutrition. Of course, many supporters of nonorganic foods will argue that organic foods are more  expensive. But when we look at the facts, organic foods are really not that much higher priced  Indeed, the slight differences in price do not compensate for all the harmful effects  described previously. A sensible, health-conscious consumer will see the logic of spending a  few more pennies and gaining in terms of overall health in their diet. Granted, organic food  does tend to be pricier than other food sources conventional, a box of organic cereal will  definitely carry a higher price tag than the cheap conventional store-brand version. But it is  also possible, without much effort, to fill a shopping cart with a week’s worth of conventional  foods and pay more than you would for a week’s worth of organic food. Conducting my own  research at the supermarket, I compared the cost of a homemade lunchbox, filled with organic  foods, with that of a typical Kraftâ⠂¬â„¢s Lunchable, which seems to be perpetually on sale, at $2.50. As it turns out, the homemade lunch (containing organic bread with organic hummus, organic  cheddar cheese, an organic apple, organic carrots and organic raisins) costs less than a Lunch  able (a typical box contains crackers or flatbread, Oscar Mayer ham, American cheese,  applesauce, a cookie or a bag of candy, and a juice box). It seems obvious that the price  differences is not truly a problem, because with careful consideration a person can easily spend  as much on organic food as they typically would spend on nonorganic foods. When one examines all the evidence provided above it becomes clear that non organic  Foods are in fact harmful to the human race. It doesn’t take much sense to realize that foods  grown with chemicals and pesticides sprayed on them all which are linked to causing health  issues as big as cancer are something people should try and stay away from. There are healthier  Alternatives none as organic foods, placed under a myth that they are more expensive, when in  fact above it was discovered they can actually cause less. It’s clear to see here nonorganic foods  are not a healthy choice and should be avoided as much as possible.

Essay --

The Ethics of Xenotransplantation Xenotranplantation is the controversial procedure that involves the transplantation of an animal's live cells, tissues, body fluids, or organs 1. Define Canada's position on xenotransplantation Due to fewer deaths caused by car crashes and gunshots, Canada lacks in its number of organ donors. Hoping for development in the xenotransplantation is our only hope at this point. Although Canada is encouraged to participate in further research regarding the xenotransplantation, alternatives to this must also be looked into. The alternatives vary from further stem cell research, and ways to increase to organ donors. 2. Research to determine if/ where research on transplantation is being carried out In Canada, there are no studies of xenotransplantations regarding humans. Many other countries have also been skeptical of putting their country in risk. However the Canadian Public Health Association has discussed xenotransplantations' advantages and concerns. All xenotransplantation was banned worldwide in 1997 because of concerns about a pig virus called porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) being transmitted to humans. However, several studies published in the late 1990s found no evidence that the virus could produce infectious particles in other species. Some countries, including the US, UK and New Zealand, are now allowing xenotransplantation research to continue on a case-by-case basis. Doctors began investigating different methods with different drugs to prevent rejection of xenotransplants. So far there has not been an entire success. In 1963, Dr Thomas Starzl transplanted kidneys from baboons into six human recipients in Denver, US. The patients survived between 19–98 days. Biotech companies are d... ... they have changed the rules so that whether than people signing up to give up their organs for transplant, people should sign up to refuse. If organ donors increase perhaps we won't be in need of transplanting an animals' organ. 4. Regeneration is the ability of a tissue to repair itself after getting damaged. Not all cells are capable of regeneration. However, scientists have been researching different methods to regenerate human body parts that normally are not capable of regenerating. 6. What is your position on xenotransplantation? Xenotransplantation is one of the most significant technology developed as it allows humans to be saved. Although it is not fully developed yet, I think it would be a great solution to save lives. However, while having xenotransplantation available to use is very important, development in increasing the number of organ donors are a

Finches in the Galapagos Islands Essay

English naturalist, Charles Darwin, believed the finches he collected and observed on the Galapagos Islands shared a common ancestor because he found they all greatly resembled a bird located on the Ecuadorian coast off South America. When Darwin initially began his journey on the Beagle, he was biased toward the widely accepted idea that every living thing on Earth was a divine creation, which remained unchanging and existing as it was originally created. However, when Darwin arrived on the Galapagos Island he began to see a flaw in this theory. Examining and collecting the islands animal population closely and carefully he began to see uncanny similarities between the animals upon the island and the animals on the South America mainland. For example, Darwin discovered that the fossils of extinct armadillos and the currently living armadillo population on the island had many of the same features, though the current population of armadillos had certain characteristic that helped it survive in the islands environment. Using this, the finches and other animal specimens, he was struck by the idea that this animals must have migrated long ago from South America to the island, giving rise to a new and thriving animal population. Darwin was also able to conclude the finches shared a common ancestor from the written works of Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus. While sailing on the Beagle toward the island, he was able to read and analyze Charles Lyell’s Princeples of Geology which, discussed in great detail, the Jean Batispe Lamarck theory of evolution. He believed animal structures evolved over time due to frequent use or disuse, and was eventually passed through to their offspring. For example he proposed the lengthing of the giraffe’s neck was due in part to the trees it lived among. In order for it to obtain its food it had to crane its neck forward and reach up. Lamarck, believe, over time, the giraffes structure eventually began to get longer and longer as it was passed from each genernertaion of offspring.

Progression of Homosexuality

Abstract Progression of Homosexuality: Evolution of a phenomenon over time Some authors believe that homosexuality is not a kind of conduct, as commonly supposed, but a psychological condition (Woggon, 1981). Thus, it is important to understand that the genuine homosexual condition or inversion, as it is often termed. This condition is something for which the subject is in no way responsible. Some literature suggests that homosexuality in itself it is morally neutral. Like the condition of heterosexuality, however, it tends to find expression in specific sexual acts; and such acts are subject to moral judgment (McNeill, 1966). A major premise established in contemporary literature is the concept that sexual orientation ranges along a continuum, as opposed to simply being heterosexual or homosexual. It is possible that this is mainly because increased attention has been paid to the attraction and not merely the action. Braverman (1973) has examined a scale developed by Kinsey, who thought that homosexuality is a normal manifestation of human sexuality. This scale operationalizes the continuum. People are rated on a scale of zero to six. Zero representing exclusive heterosexual inclinations and six exclusive homosexual inclinations. Those who don’t fall into either extreme feel a mixture of both to varying degrees. This middle group is theoretically bisexual. However, people who are close to either extreme tend to be absorbed into that respective category. This absorption leaves only those closer to the centre in the bisexual group. Most research conducted has grouped people into these three categories. The Causes of Homosexuality Fathers, on the other hand, were thought to prefer the other children. In doing so, fathers failed to protect the child from the destructive influence of the mother. The researchers espousing biological and genetic causes of homosexuality were considered to be fringe in those times. Even so, there were studies corroborating such causes. Kallman (1952) conducted a study in which male homosexual monozygotic twins were found to be significantly more similar (in terms of homosexual tendencies) than dizygotic twins. These results were not taken to mean that genetic composition was a necessary condition for the development of homosexuality. Rather, it was generally hought by proponents, that a hereditary physical trait played a role in the cultural shaping of a homosexual. In other words, if a young male or female exhibited physical characteristics associated with the opposite gender that individual would have been treated as if they were homosexual. This would in turn influence their development (a self-fulfilling prophecy). Silberner (1984) referred to a st udy conducted by the State University of New York, in which researchers found a physical correlate to homosexual behavior. They went further to conclude that biological markers for sexual orientation may exist. Even so, researchers made it clear that findings did not focus on definite causes of homosexuality. However, it was admitted that there was a real possibility that there is a biological element of the phenomenon. Even into the 1990’s this vein of research has continued. For example, Bower (1993) identified that significant progress had been made in the pursuit of identifying a gene that may influence some instances of male homosexuality. It was suggested that a gene within a small segment of the X chromosome (passed from mother to son), contributes to the sexual orientation of a subset of homosexual men. Interestingly, a tendency to focus on male homosexuals in scientific research can be seen at this stage. Although an exhaustive list of studies on homosexuality cannot be provided in this forum (nor would it be practical), from a review of the available literature, this is confirmed. The APA removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Disorders in 1973. In 1975 it then released a public statement that homosexuality was not a mental disorder. In 1994, two decades later, the APA finally stated, â€Å"†¦ omosexuality is neither a mental illness nor a moral depravity. It is the way a portion of the population expresses human love and sexuality† From the premises established in this section, a holistic illustration of world-views regarding homosexuality, can be detailed. World Views of Homosexuality Secular As discussed previously, the first half (and a little beyond) of the 20th century spawned varying views of homosexuality (constitution al, developmental and genetic were the main ones). However, the worldviews resulting from such were congruent in the main. This is primarily because of the fact that these theories were aiming to explain the occurrence of a class of aberration/disorder. Consequently, claims, such as homosexuality being classified as a serious psychiatric and social problem (Bieber, 1969), were commonplace in academic literature and reverberated in the wider society. The passage of time into the final quarter of the last century, realized a progressively softer position regarding homosexuality, by both from the academic and wider community. This softening can be observed as being simultaneous with stances adopted by the APA. After the organization’s actions in 1973 and 1975 concerning acceptance of homosexuality, the literature had been littered with expressions of the wide variability in the social acceptance of homosexual activity (Greenberg & Bystryn, 1982). Christian The ELCA encourages its congregations to welcome gay and lesbian persons as church members, but it does not allow for the approval or affirmation of gay or lesbian relationships. Specifically, the ordained, commissioned, and consecrated ministries†¦are open to homosexuals only it they remain celibate and no provisions exist for the blessing of same-gender unions (Childs, 2003, p. 32). From these official points of view, a sense of where Christianity stands with regard to homosexuality is only halfway complete (at best). Individual members of the Church, including clergymen, sometimes have conflicting views. As demonstrated, a plethora of worldviews exist, with regards to homosexuality. It is as a result of these, that there a re various views of the role that psychology and counseling should play in the life of a homosexual and the phenomenon (homosexuality), as a whole. Role of Psychology/Counseling Conclusion Throughout the literature reviewed for this paper, the themes of variability and non-consensus are recurrent. There has been no conclusive study which has unearthed potential causes of homosexuality. Resultant worldviews are varied across and even within secular and religious sources, allowing for no clear-cut path for psychologists/counselors to take in dealing with the phenomenon. By looking at past and current events in the field, it appears as though distinct lines will be drawn, but in non-traditional ways, namely, within as opposed to without. This is with reference to the dichotomy within Christian and secular views of homosexuality. It appears as though the only area of near-consensus is the view that homosexuals (distinct from homosexuality) are not to be condemned, or view as inherently pathological. Holding firm to this premise, further research and interest from the various interest groups may be beneficial to all. References A vicious intolerance. (2009, September 19). Economist, 392(8649). Authorized Version King James Bartoli, E. , & Gillem, A. R. (2008). Continuing to depolarize the debate on sexual orientation and religious identity and the therapeutic process. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 202-209. Benoit, M. (2005). Conflict between religious commitment and same-sex attraction: Possibilities for a virtuous response. Ethics & Behavior, 15, 309–325. Bieber, I. (1969). Homosexuality. The American Journal of Nursing, 69(12), 2637-2641. Bieber, I. , Dain, H. J. , Dince, P. R. , Drellich, M. G. , Grand, H. G. , Gundlach, R. H. , et al. (1962). Homosexuality: A psychoanalytic study. New York: Basic Books. Binder, C. V. (1977). Affection training: An alternative to sexual reorientation. Journal of Homosexuality, 2, 251-259. Bower, B. (1993). Genetic Clue to Male Homosexuality Emerges. Science News, 144(3), 37. Broman, C. L. (2003). Sexuality Attitudes: The Impact of Trauma. 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Early Infancy Benefits of the Toy Mobile

Early Infancy Benefits of the Toy Mobile During the first three months of life, an infant’s brain exhibits rapid development. The baby has a biological need to learn and absorb information from the outside world; it has a cognitive and a sensory need that requires nurturing at this stage of life ensuring that the rest of the stages in the baby’s life fall in their rightful places. Giving the baby stimulating experiences will help it to develop its brain and lay the foundation for more advanced learning later on as far as the baby’s sensory, biological and cognitive abilities are concerned.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Early Infancy: Benefits of the Toy Mobile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The toy mobile is meant for a three-month old baby boy. The mobile toy is to be hanged in the crib as the child cannot yet sit upright by itself. It is small in size to enable the child to easily reach all its corners. Different toys have differe nt shapes and colors. The toy mobile is bright-colored with soft keys that have different textures due to the fabrics used-muslin with a square shape. Additionally, the toy mobile has high-contrast patterns. Infants have a tendency of putting all objects within their reach in their mouths. The ideal size of the toys will be significantly big to ensure that the child does not get into his/her mouth. The toys are all dangling back and forth in a steady speed. In addition to the dangling aspect, the toy mobile has fixtures that enable it to make soft and audible noises. The sounds are musical, some of which having a high tempo while others are rather slow and soothing. For some of the toys, the sounds are triggered by pressing certain buttons/keys while for the rest of the toys sounds are produced by pushing some attachments on the toy. On pressing the toy mobile’s key, lights of different shades are produced. The mobile toy has the ability to make accidental squeaks once presse d. The child can bat, pull, spin and rattle the toys with ease. The toy mobile is sweet-scented with a yummy taste and has an unbreakable mirror. It also has an activity mat of soft texture. Additionally, it has many convenient features including removable music box, adjustable swivel arm, and push button power. In the manufacture of the toy mobile, a lot has been taken into consideration as far as cognitive, sensory and biological abilities are concerned because every now and then, infants who are less than eight months old are always thinking, learning and exploring the world around them. They are always discovering new things in their environment. Their age is the age of wonder where the baby is focusing on moving things. The baby can only see clearly within a distance of around fifteen inches. The baby is in a position to see all colors in the human spectrum and is able to respond to the environment with facial expressions and imitate them. The ability to tell sweet from sour is already built up and the baby can react to familiar sounds. The baby uses their mouths and hands to explore which too has been factored in designing the toy mobile.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The design of the toy mobile provides features that match the sensory, cognitive and biological abilities of an infant. It has multiple attachments each catering for different abilities concerning the above mentioned. The toy mobile is hanged on a baby crib which provides the infant with a point to focus on during the time they spend in the crib. For the stimulation of the infant’s sense of sight, the different shapes as well as the different shades of the toy serve the purpose because the child can see at this age and make out different moves up, down and even when someone passes by him/her. The toy mobile is around fifteen inches away from the child because the child c an see that far. At the age of three months, the baby’s visual ability is limited since they can only see objects within a fifteen inches diameter as afore mentioned, which is why, the mobile toy is hung at such a level that the baby will not see blurred images and items. The soft keys or rather key pads help in the development of the infant’s sense of touch. Owing to this fact different fabrics are chosen to provide the soft and smooth texture of the toy. At this age, the baby has opened his fist and almost every now and then, it plays with the feet using the opened fist in a grabbing manner. Hard fabrics will scare the child away from holding things because the child’s hand has just opened up to grasp things and thus it’s very soft and tender thus the muslin square material serves the purpose. This stimulates touch and increases the child’s alertness and attention span. The toy mobile has dangling toys that dangle in such a manner that the child is made to lift its head and chest as if doing some push-ups. This contributes to the active behavior of the child and enhances its back’s strength. Additionally, the dangling makes strengthen the child’s neck. While dangling, the toys rattle making some noise that the child responds to by laughing or cooing. Moreover, the toys are made of small sizes to ensure that the baby can hold them, an aspect that enhances the development of the muscles within the infant’s hand. The smaller the size of the toys, the easier and faster the child’s hand will develop as far as holding is concerned. The child at this age is changing toys from one hand to another. The mobile toy has multiple features that are close for the baby to grab with ease and comfort. This action enhances the child’s cognitive ability to pass objects from one hand to the. Furthermore, being able to reach for the toys will enhance coordination skills in the child that add up to cognitive abi lities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Early Infancy: Benefits of the Toy Mobile specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The child at this age is making some funny noises and thus for verbal stimulation, the toy is able to make some sensible noise which aids in the child’s development. The accidental squeaks will help the child become more aware of what the hand is doing. Additionally, the ability of the toy to play different tunes of music enables the child to become more vocal. The music needs to be played from time to time with different tunes for the baby to useful acquire and learn different tunes. The mobile’s position should be changed from time to time to allow the baby to get a new view and sharpen its memory when trying to locate moving. This is made possible by the fact that it has an adjustable swiveled arm. The toy mobile has some soothers that help the child a lot as far as sleep is concerned. It can also be used to regulate the infant’s behavior. For instance, when the soother plays some gentle music on a repeatedly slow tune, the child goes to sleep. This makes it possible for the sleep patterns to be monitored. When it is time for the baby to sleep, using the toy mobile can ease the caretaker’s task. In enhancing the child’s ability to focus, the baby sitter can point at the different lights produced by the toy. This in return enhances the child’s visual ability as well as the child’s memory. Switching through the music and finding one that soothes, helps the child learn and adapt to the music for sleep. With this, the child can easily adapt to the outside environment. The squeaking sounds sharpen the child’s hearing ability and the child will follow sounds made from different directions in the toy mobile. Colors and high-contrast patterns are a great way to stimulate the babys visual sense. Bright colors are easily visible and that is why the toy mobile is made of bright colors that enhance sight ability. Additionally, the sweet scent in the crib boosts the smell sensory skill. The yummy taste boosts the child’s ability to the sense of taste. Additionally, the size of the toys plays a very critical role when it comes to taste because the child will grab a toy and take it straight to its mouth and if very small, it will be swallowed harming the baby. Babies prefer viewing human faces and this makes him laugh with them. The mirror gives the child the impression that there is someone teasing him/her for at this age the child cannot know that he is the same in the mirror. This boosts visibility and the memory in return. The activity mat laid on the crib for the baby to sit on helps the baby during the tummy time where the baby lifts and tries to lift its legs. This boosts its fine motor skills. The texture of the mat is very useful in preventing bruising of the baby while doing the semi push-ups while lying on its tummy.Advertising Looking for essay on anthropology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, the toy mobile manufactured helps the child a great deal during its growth. The skills to taste, see, hear, smell and touch have been taken care of by the music, the bright colors and contrast pattern, the scented crib, the soft toys among other characteristics of the toy mobile. This makes it easier for the child to move to the next level with enthusiasm and great fitness. The toy enhances the development of the child in all ways possible. In conclusion, the toy mobile manufactured is a blessing to the mother and the child as well. The benefits it accrues them both are immeasurable. It stimulates the infants sensory, biological and cognitive abilities as discussed above. The nervous system, as a major concern, is developed by the fact that the toy mobile allows the child to move from one state to another with ease. Giving the baby stimulating experiences will help it to develop its brain and lay the foundation for more advanced learning later on as far as the babyâ€⠄¢s sensory, biological and cognitive abilities are concerned. Once one stage of life is well and healthy, the next one becomes easier to undertake. Thus, the three month old baby grows healthy courtesy of the toy mobile.

A Guide to Internal Punctuation

A Guide to Internal Punctuation A Guide to Internal Punctuation A Guide to Internal Punctuation By Mark Nichol This post outlines the functions of punctuation marks employed within a sentence: the comma, the semicolon, the colon, and ellipses. Comma A comma performs a number of functions, including setting off elements of a list (â€Å"I’m going to order soup, salad, and an entrà ©e†) combining with a conjunction to separate two independent clauses (â€Å"She ordered dinner, but she declined the dessert menu†) separating a preceding dependent clause from the main clause (â€Å"Depending on the size of the entrà ©e, I might not order dessert†) separating a nonrestrictive relative clause from the main clause (â€Å"We were overwhelmed by the menu, which was six pages long†) setting off an adverb from the main clause (â€Å"Ordinarily, I would not order dessert†; â€Å"I would, ordinarily, not order dessert†; â€Å"I would not order dessert, ordinarily†) framing parenthetical phrases (â€Å"I will, just this once, order dessert†) setting off an appositive (â€Å"My favorite dessert, cheesecake, is missing from the menu†) setting off coordinate adjectives (â€Å"I feel like having a big, thick slice of cheesecake for dessert†) setting off an attribution from a quotation (â€Å"My friend said, ‘I’m going to order dessert’†) setting off one or more words identifying the subject of direct address (â€Å"John, are you going to order dessert?†) setting off a date from a year and parenthesizing the year (â€Å"January 1, 2018, dawned just like any other day†) setting off a city name from a state or country name and parenthesizing the state or country name (â€Å"Lebanon, Kansas, is the geographic center of the contiguous United States†) setting off a surname from a given name when the first-name, last-name order is inverted (â€Å"She is listed as ‘Doe, Jane’†) indicating ellipsis of one or more words (â€Å"Everything was as I remembered it- the church was white, the barn, red†). A comma should not separate a subject and a verb (as in the erroneous sentence â€Å"The tiramisu, is sublime†) except when it is closing a parenthetical phrase (â€Å"The tiramisu, as expected, is sublime†) or setting off repetition of a verb (â€Å"What it is, is sublime†). Likewise, a verb and its direct object should not be split asunder (as shown in the incorrectly punctuated sentence â€Å"She intuitively grasped, that she was in trouble.†) Another error that involves a comma is a comma splice, in which a comma, rather than a stronger punctuation mark such as a semicolon or a dash, appears between two independent clauses not separated by a conjunction, as in â€Å"You see a half-empty glass, I see a half-full one.† (An exception can be made for brief declarations, as in Julius Caesar’s famous summary â€Å"I came, I saw, I conquered.†) Semicolon The semicolon has two primary functions. First, it unites two closely related independent clauses, as in â€Å"You see a half-empty glass; I see a half-full one.† (In such cases, it takes the place of a period or a conjunction; including both a semicolon and a conjunction is an error.) Second, it replaces two or more commas in an in-line list (a list with a sentence) when one or more of the list items itself includes commas, as in â€Å"The names, as listed, are Doe, Jane; Jones, William; and Smith, John† or â€Å"I spotted many squirrels; several deer; and a hawk, an osprey, and a heron.† (If the list organization is obvious, as when list items begin with distinct verbs, commas may be employed, as in â€Å"She shopped at the supermarket, visited the bank and the credit union, and ran errands at the hardware store, the drugstore, and the dry cleaner’s.†) Earlier usage included setting off coordinate clauses in complex sentences or to otherwise signal a more pronounced pause than a comma would suggest, but these approaches, especially the former, are outdated. In quoted material, a semicolon always follows a close quotation mark. Also, the mark may seem too formal in the midst of a sentence in quotation marks; a dash more clearly conveys a transition to a separate assertion or idea, as in â€Å"Mary said, ‘Don’t go in the abandoned house- it’s not safe in there’† rather than â€Å"Mary said, ‘Don’t go in the abandoned house; it’s not safe in there.’† Colon A colon precedes quoted material set up by a complete statement rather than an attribution (â€Å"His reply was succinct: ‘Not a chance’†) an explanation (â€Å"We declined the invitation primarily for one reason: He insists on driving, and we don’t feel safe as his passengers†) a list (â€Å"The meal consists of the following courses: appetizer, salad, entrà ©e, and dessert†). It is also employed between pairs of numbers to represent ratios (â€Å"The results indicate a 5:3 ratio†) in references to time (â€Å"The next train is at 1:35†) in numerical representations of elapsed time (â€Å"The record stands at 3:26.00†) when citing biblical verses (â€Å"John 3:16 expresses the same sentiment†). A colon also separates a book’s title and subtitle or, in bibliographies, the city where a publisher is located and the name of the publisher. In formal writing, it follows the salutation. A colon always follows a close quotation mark. Ellipses Ellipsis means omission, but it primarily refers to a succession of three periods, called ellipses, usually interspersed with letter spaces, or a single symbol representing three periods. Style guides differ in which form is preferred, but the ellipsis symbol looks cramped, and use of ellipses (a series of periods) is more visually pleasing. Ellipses represent omission of one or more words in the middle of a sentence (â€Å"A friend . . . knows all about you and still loves you†); generally, they are unnecessary when omitting what precedes a partial quotation. The use of ellipses as terminal punctuation will be discussed in a separate post. Dash Uses of the dash are detailed in this post. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before Words"Confused With" and "Confused About"10 Varieties of Syntax to Improve Your Writing